Journal of Sociology, Psychology and Religious

The Impact of Christian Interventions in Rehabilitation of Offenders and Reduction of Recidivism: A Case Study of Kodiaga Maximum Prison, Kisumu County

Maswage Celine Nyamburi — Thu, 26 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Religion has a role in ensuring conformity and regulation of human behavior through moral and ethical guidance. However, deviation from the norms and values results in punitive measures such as incarceration, which is believed to be justice for the aggrieved. Despite the existence of punitive measures, crime continues unabated. Additionally, the probability of ex-inmates reoffending is high. This has been attributed to an extremely high economic state with a high burgeoning need to be satiated. The study assessed the impact of Christian interventions in reducing recidivism and their effectiveness in rehabilitating inmates. Through the authority of scripture, Christianity commands believers not to steal or covet a neighbor’s property but to work with their hands. Thus, when individuals fail to observe such principles, the law catches up with them through punitive incarceration. The study area, the Kodiaga prison, is the largest prison in western Kenya. The study employed a qualitative research method and data collection tools that involved interviews and questionnaires. The pastoral Circle theory was applied because of its great input in defining social issues as crime. The finding posited that several Christian intervention programs bible study, Christian counseling, and mentorship, Music offered at Kodiaga prison had a positive impact on transforming the lives of inmates. This greatly helped the inmates reintegrate and resettle after incarceration, thus reducing the probability of offending.

Road Conditions and Performance of Road Safety along Outer Ring Road in Nairobi City County, Kenya

John Tirkole, Stella Karimi Silas, Samuel Macharia — Sat, 05 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Road safety remains a pressing challenge for Kenya’s urban transport system, especially in Nairobi, where increased vehicle use and inadequate infrastructure have deteriorated road safety conditions. Grounded in Systems Theory, this study investigated the influence of road conditions on the performance of road safety along Outer Ring Road in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study adopted a convergent parallel research design to collect both quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously, analyzed independently and integrated for comprehensive insights. The target population comprised 2,190 Matatu drivers drawn from seven Matatu associations, four NTSA officials, and ten KURA representatives. A sample of 338 Matatu drivers was selected using stratified and simple random sampling techniques, while 14 key informants were purposively chosen, yielding a total sample size of 352 participants. Structured questionnaires and interview guides were used for data collection. A pilot study was conducted on Jogoo Road to test validity and reliability of the tools. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS, while qualitative data were thematically analyzed and reported verbatim. A response rate of 90% (n=303) was achieved. The research tools demonstrated high internal consistency, with Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients of 0.783 for road conditions and 0.776 for performance of road safety. Findings indicated that poor road conditions—including surface quality, signage, drainage, and lane design—significantly undermine performance of road safety along Outering Road (mean = 3.83; SD = 0.524). Key informants affirmed that deteriorated road environments elevate accident risks. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong, positive, and significant relationship between road conditions and performance of road safety (r = 0.707; p = 0.000). Regression analysis confirmed road conditions as a statistically significant predictor of performance of road safety (Beta = 0.073; p = 0.000). The study concluded that poor road conditions significantly influence the performance of road safety along Outer Ring Road. The findings underscore the urgent need for urban transport agencies to invest in road maintenance, improve signage and drainage, and upgrade lane designs to enhance road safety outcomes.

Traffic Congestion and Performance of Road Safety along Outer Ring Road in Nairobi City County, Kenya

John Tirkole, Stella Karimi Silas, Samuel Macharia — Sat, 05 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Traffic safety remains a critical concern for Kenyan transport authorities, particularly in urban areas where rapid population growth and vehicle use have strained existing infrastructure. Grounded in the traffic theory, the study examined the influence of traffic congestion on performance of road safety along Outer Ring Road, Nairobi. The study used a convergent parallel research design to collect both quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously, analyzed independently and triangulated. The target population comprised 2,190 Matatu drivers on Outer Ring Road, four NTSA officials, and ten KURA representatives. A sample of 338 drivers was selected through probabilistic sampling, while 14 key informants were purposively chosen, totaling 352 participants. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interview guides. A pilot study was conducted on Jogoo Road to enhance validity and reliability of tools. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics, with qualitative data analyzed thematically and reported verbatim. A 90% (n=303) response rate was achieved. The data collection instruments showed high internal consistency, with Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient recorded at 0.772 on traffic congestion and 0.763 for Performance of road safety constructs. Results showed that traffic congestion significantly affects road safety, fuel efficiency, and travel reliability along Outer Ring Road (mean = 3.83; SD = 0.443). Key informants confirmed these findings, citing increased travel costs and delays. Pearson correlation indicated a strong, positive, and significant link between congestion and Performance of road safety (r = 0.987; p = 0.000), while regression analysis showed congestion as the most influential factor, explaining 90.7% of the variation in safety outcomes (Beta = 0.907; p = 0.000). The study concluded that traffic congestion is a major determinant of performance of road safety along Outer Ring Road in Nairobi, statistically significantly influencing performance of road safety along Outer Ring Road.