Effect of Distribution Channel on Performance of Cement Manufacturing Companies in Kenya

2026-05-03T15:08:49+00:00

The study investigated the effect of distribution channels on the performance of cement manufacturing companies in Kenya using a descriptive survey design. The target population comprised 395 managerial-level staff across cement companies, from which 30% were selected using a two-stage cluster sampling technique, categorized into top and lower management levels. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Instrument validity was ensured through content validation during pilot testing, which involved 20 lower-level management respondents to confirm the questionnaire’s suitability. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations) to assess response patterns and levels of agreement on Likert-scale items. Inferential statistics, including correlation and regression analysis, were used to examine relationships between variables. The findings revealed a moderately strong and statistically significant positive correlation between distribution channel differentiation and organizational performance. Regression results further confirmed a positive and significant relationship between the variables (β = 0.362, p = 0.000). The study recommends that cement companies establish branches in strategic locations to capture emerging market opportunities and enhance customer education through digital platforms, thereby improving product awareness, particularly in areas without physical branch presence.

Outsourcing and Employment Standards in Petroleum Logistics Along the Northern Corridor

2026-05-08T13:18:33+00:00

This study examined the effects of outsourcing on employment standards in petroleum logistics along the Northern Corridor. A qualitative approach was adopted, employing a desktop research design that reviewed existing literature, policy documents, and industry reports. The findings show that outsourcing in petroleum logistics is primarily driven by organizational objectives of cost reduction and operational efficiency. While these practices enhance performance and flexibility, they have notable adverse implications for employment standards. Outsourced employment is predominantly characterized by fixed-term and project-based contracts, resulting in heightened job and income insecurity. Such insecurity negatively affects workers’ psychological well-being, leading to lower organizational commitment, reduced job engagement, and increased burnout. The triangular employment relationship among the worker, the outsourcing agency, and the client firm further creates ambiguity regarding accountability, particularly in cases of occupational injuries or labor rights violations, thereby increasing workers' vulnerability. A major outcome of outsourcing is the widening disparity between core employees of oil and gas companies and contract workers employed by third-party logistics providers. Contract workers frequently experience lower wages, limited benefits, weaker occupational health and safety protections, and fewer opportunities for training and career progression. These disparities undermine employment standards and raise concerns about labour exploitation. The study recommends stronger regulation of outsourcing practices, legally binding worker-protection clauses in contracts, and enhanced labour inspection mechanisms to promote decent work and long-term sector stability.

Journal of Strategic Management

Effect of Distribution Channel on Performance of Cement Manufacturing Companies in Kenya

Outsourcing and Employment Standards in Petroleum Logistics Along the Northern Corridor