Chemical Incidents and Prevention Practices Among Workers in Poultry Farms in the Southern Region of Botswana

Abstract

The poultry industry in Botswana has expanded significantly, yet chemical-related incidents among farm workers remain a critical occupational health concern. This study investigated the prevalence of chemical incidents in selected poultry farms, identified associated risk factors, and assessed preventive measures. A descriptive cross-sectional design was applied, targeting District Poultry Officers and poultry laborers. Using multistage sampling, 191 participants were surveyed using semi-structured questionnaires, complemented by key informant interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Chi-square tests. The overall incident rate was 11.7%, with skin irritation (n = 59), burns (n = 54), eye irritation (n = 49), and chemical ingestion (n = 48) being the most common. Incidence significantly varied with age (χ² = 14.66, p = .005) and years of experience (χ² = 14.78, p = .005). Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) training reduced incidents (χ² = 12.11, p = .001), while high job demands increased risk (χ² = 6.01, p = .014). The presence of health and safety committees (χ² = 7.394, p = .025), trained first aiders (χ² = 5.200, p = .047), reporting systems (χ² = 13.249, p = .001), and safety protocols (χ² = 7.997, p = .019) were all significantly associated with lower incident rates. General cleaning chemicals and aldehyde-based disinfectants were most frequently implicated. Despite high awareness and PPE provision, incident underreporting persisted. The study concludes that establishing health and safety committees, strengthening incident reporting, and implementing comprehensive chemical safety programs, including annual refresher training and competency-based practical training, are essential to improving workplace safety and reducing chemical-related risks in Botswana’s poultry sector.