Socio-Demographic Determinants of Pregnancy Among Teenage Mothers Aged 14 to 19 Years in Homa Bay County, Kenya

Abstract

Teenage pregnancy remains a major public health concern in Kenya, with Homa Bay County reporting rates higher than the national average. This study examined the socio-demographic determinants of pregnancy among teenage mothers aged 14–19 years in Homa Bay County, Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional mixed-methods design was employed among 422 teenage mothers aged 14–19 years. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires, while qualitative data were obtained through key informant interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression at the α ≤ 0.05 significance level. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically through content analysis and triangulated with quantitative findings. The study found that socio-demographic factors significantly influenced teenage pregnancy. Adolescents from the lowest wealth quintile were more likely to experience pregnancy (AOR = 2.67, p < 0.05), while those in the highest wealth quintile were less likely (AOR = 0.23, p = 0.005). Large household size was associated with increased odds of pregnancy (AOR = 2.66, p = 0.006). Education was protective, with secondary education reducing the likelihood of pregnancy (AOR = 0.24, p = 0.001). Qualitative findings further highlighted peer pressure and weak parental guidance as key contributors.The findings indicate that poverty, household structure, and low educational attainment are key socio-demographic determinants of teenage pregnancy in Homa Bay County. Interventions should prioritize economic empowerment, school retention programs, and strengthened parental guidance to reduce teenage pregnancy rates.