The Impact of Hidden Curriculum in Theological Seminaries: A Case Study of JOS-ECWA Theological Seminary
Keywords:
Hidden curriculum, informal curriculum, formal curriculumAbstract
The impact of hidden curriculum activity within the formal learning sessions of courses is real among theological school learners. In this paper, the study focused on Jos Evangelical Church Winning All (ECWA) Theological Seminary commonly known as JETS as a case study. The questionnaire was served to lecturers, non-academic staff, students, alumni, and immediate community members of the seminary to uncover what could be viewed as their understanding of hidden curriculum. The findings were presented in a statistical method using descriptive statistics, correlation, t-tests, and chi-square analysis. The findings indicated that the effects of the hidden curriculum on JETS students are obvious with an expected cell frequency of 22.0. There is a recurring hidden curriculum that is observed in classroom sessions by both teachers and students with a cell frequency of 12.0. When it comes to learning content in class, the attitudes of the students signal a cell frequency of 11.5. With the lack of committee members in place, the school will have difficulty spotting clear attitudes that do not agree with their training policy which the test statistics gave an expected cell frequency of 11.3. In the aspect of JETS using her immediate community to assess her hidden curriculum, there is a cell frequency of 10.8. The researcher recommends that JETS as an institution reflect on her hidden curriculum for the benefit of making her training objectives relevant to the society she seeks to serve.
References
___________. 1988-2008. Chapter 3 Literature Relating to Lay Pastor Development, Pennsylvania Conference.
Acker, Sandra. 2001. “The Hidden Curriculum of Dissertation Advising” in The Hidden Curriculum in Higher Education, Eric Margolis ed. Routledge: New York & London.
Aitchison, J. J. W. _____________. Inaugural Lecture: Postcards to the new prisoners in the global classroom, Center for Adult Education, School of Education, Training and Development, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg.
Balboni, Michael J. 2015. Religion, spirituality, and the Hidden Curriculum: Medical Student and Faculty Reflections, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.
Book-Satteriee, Kevin. June 19, 2014. Rethinking the Mission Curriculum: “Redesigning
Missiological Education for the Twenty-First Century” in Transforming Teaching for Mission: Educational Theory and Practice, Robert A. Danielson & Benjamin L. Hartley eds. APM Annual Meeting, St. Paul, Asbury Theological Seminary.
Bogere, Richard. Vol. 1, No.1, 2013. “Kampala School of Theology: A Case Study in the
Development of a Holistic Training Model” in Pneum Africa Journal: The Online Journal of African Pentecostal Christianity.
Carroll, Douglas O. Spring 2011. The Curriculum of Capitalism: Schooled to Profit or Schooled to Educated? Georgia Southern University.
Childress, Caroline. 2001. “Downward Mobility 101: Learning to be “Flexible” in an Age of Uncertainty”, in The Hidden Curriculum in Higher Education, Eric Margolis ed. Routledge: New York & London.
Cole, Victor Babajide. 2001. Training of the Ministry: A Macro-Curricular Approach,
Bangalore: India.
_________________. Vol.10 No.3, 2013. “Guest Editorial: Trends in Christian Education in
Africa- an Overview”, in Christian Education Journal: International Perspectives on Christian Education, Kevin E. Lawson ed. Talbot School of Theology in Cooperation with SPCE.
Connolly, Brid & Nui Maynooth. Nov. 25th, 06. Beyond the Third Way: New Challenges for
Critical Adult and Community Education.
Costello, Carrie Yang. 2001. “Schooled by the Classroom: The (Re) production of Social
Stratification in Professional School Settings” in The Hidden Curriculum in Higher
Education, Eric Margolis ed. Routledge: New York & London.
Curtin, Tommy. _____. HSP’s Hidden Curriculum: The Intangible Value of a Holy Spirit Prep. Education.
Ehrensal, Kenneth N. 2001. “Training Capitalism Foot Soldiers: The Hidden Curriculum of Undergraduate Business Education”, in The Hidden Curriculum in Higher Education, Eric Margolis ed. Routledge: New York & London.
Finkelman, Yoel. 2006. The Hidden Curriculum and Mahshevet Yisrael Education, Academy for Torah Initiatives and Directions, Jerusalem.
Gair, Marina & Guy Mullins. 2001. “Hiding in Plain Sight” in The Hidden Curriculum in Higher Education, Eric Margolis ed. Routledge: New York & London.
Heider, George C. Vol. 136 No.4 Summer, 2001. Lutheran Education, Concordia University, River Forest, Illinois.
Ito, Gail H. ___________. Examining the Hidden Curriculum in Water Safety Education for
African Americans in Negotiating Cultural Values in a Learning Environment, Michael Rowland ed., The Ohio State University, Western Kentucky University.
Jones, R. Andrew. Nov. 2015. “Missionary Use of the Gospel as Hidden Curriculum” in The Lutheran Society for Missiology, Inc., Justin Kumfer ed., St. Louis Mission Apostolica.
Lee, Rob. 2012. Challenges and Promises of Quality Assurance in Theological Education:
Multicontextual and Ecumenical Inquiries, World Conference of Associations of Theological Institutions.
Lindemann, Rob. 4-1-2016. Pedagogy for Christian Worldview Formation: A Grounded Theory Study of Bible College Teaching Methods, George Fox University.
Longhurst, James. June 2014. Education for Sustainable Development and the Quality
Management and Enhancement Framework: A Guide for Staff, the University of the West of England, Bristol.
Marin, Lee Roy. Online Volume 97-2016. Pharos Journal of Theology, “You shall love the Lord . . . with all your mind”: The necessity of an educated Pentecostal clergy. Pentecostal Theological Seminary: Tennessee.
Margolis, Eric, Michale Soldatenko, Sandra Acker, & Marina Gair. 2001. “Peekaboo: Hiding
and Outing the Curriculum” in The Hidden Curriculum in Higher Education, Eric Margolis ed. Routledge: New York & London.
Mwangi, James K. & Ben J. deKlerk. 2011. An Integrated Competency-Based Training Model for Theological Training. Department of Practical Theology, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, South Africa.
Pinar, William F. 2004. What is Curriculum Theory? Lawrence Erlbaum Associate, Publishers: Mahwah, New Jersey, London.
Preez, Kruger Philippus du. March 2013. Dissertation Presented for the Degree of Doctor of
Theology at the University of Stellenbosch.
Rosemary W. Mbogo. 2016. Training and Placement in the Ministry: Focus on the Alumni of Nairobi Evangelical Graduate School of Theology, Utafiti Foundations: Eldoret, Kenya.
Russell, Brian D. Vol. 121 No.2, 2011. “Faithfulness to God’s Word and Church Renewal” in
The fourth R of Asbury /seminary’s Vision: Revitalizing the Church through faithfulness to God’s Word.
Shaw, Perry W. H. 2006. The Hidden Curriculum of Seminary Education, Beirut, Lebanon.
______________. 2006. Training to Failure, Training to Success: The Hidden Curriculum of
Seminary Education. Pacific International University, Beirut Lebanon.
Tholappan, A. 2015-16. Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli: Centre for Distance
Education, Knowledge, and Curriculum.
Tre’z, Thales A. 2002-2001. “The Hidden Values: Ethics and the Use of Animals in Education” Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Institute of Philosophy and Faculty of Theology.
Verstappen, Jane & Kiran Pereira. June 2014. Learning for Change: Review of Education for
Sustainable Development.
Wallace, Jon R. March 24-26, 2010. Christians on Diversity in the Academy: Annual National Conference, Azusa Pacific University’s Office of Diversity Planning and Assessment and Faculty of Color Network.
Wisnosky, Marc. April 2, 2015. Contemporary Orthodox Christian Theological Education in the United States of America.
Wonder, Terri K. 2008. Re-Islamization in higher education from above and below: The University of South Florida and its global contexts, University of South Florida.
