A Review of Literature on Theological Perspectives and Discourse Regarding Domestic Water Scarcity with a Reflection of the Tigania West Constituency, Kenya

Abstract

Domestic water scarcity remains a critical global challenge, disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities and raising profound socio-economic, environmental, and theological concerns. Despite biblical and ethical principles advocating for responsible water stewardship, many regions, including Tigania West Constituency, Kenya, continue to experience severe domestic water stress due to inadequate governance, pollution, and climate variability. This study explores theological perspectives on domestic water scarcity, examining biblical, ethical, and faith-based contributions to sustainable water governance, with a specific reflection on Tigania West Constituency, Kenya. Through a systematic literature review, the paper focuses on hydro-theological principles, highlighting water as both a sacred and essential resource. The review discusses biblical accounts of water stress, including conflicts over wells, divine interventions, and stewardship responsibilities, demonstrating the intersection between theology and sustainable water management. It also examines contemporary water challenges, such as pollution, access disparities, and water-related conflicts. The paper involved a qualitative synthesis of theological, environmental, and governance-related literature, integrating scriptural analysis with empirical data on water scarcity. The findings indicate that theological ethics advocate for water justice, emphasizing equitable access, conservation, and responsible governance. Furthermore, the study reveals gaps in integrating faith-based approaches into formal water management policies, particularly in regions experiencing severe water stress such as Tigania West Constituency, Kenya. The paper concludes that addressing water scarcity requires a multi-stakeholder approach, incorporating theological insights into policy frameworks to enhance sustainable water stewardship. It recommends the strengthening of faith-based advocacy, improving governance structures, and fostering interdisciplinary research on hydro-theology and water sustainability. The paper contributes significantly to holistic solutions that integrate moral, ethical, hydro-theological perspectives and practical dimensions of water management.