Leadership and the Higher Education Context
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70619/vol4iss5pp1-22Keywords:
Leadership Roles, Higher Education Content, Education DevelopmentAbstract
In higher education, successful organizational performance, innovation, and institutional culture molding all depend on effective leadership. This review of the literature delves into the complex aspects of leadership in the context of higher education, looking at how it affects professors, faculty, staff, students, and organizational results. The review explores the changing role of leaders in fostering diversity, inclusivity, and academic performance by synthesizing recent findings. It also tackles the particular difficulties faced by academic leaders, like negotiating faculty governance, handling financial restraints, and adjusting to rapidly evolving technology environments. This review intends to offer insightful information to administrators and scholars who are looking to improve leadership effectiveness and meet the changing demands of contemporary universities. It does this by analyzing these opportunities and difficulties.
References
AAI. (2015). State of Education in Africa Report: A report card on the progress, opportunities, and challenges confronting the Higher Education Sector. Africa-America University.
Adebayo, S. A., Simin, G. & Megat, A. K. (2018). Leadership and staff organizational citizenship behaviour in higher education institutions: a quantitative analysis. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management (MOJEM). Volume 6, ISSUE 1, 36 - 52 E-ISSN NO: 2289 – 4489
Agnew, B. (2019). A study of critical incidents in higher education. Education, and Research, 89111. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78973-255-920191016
Akinsanya, O.A. & Omotayo, R.F. (2013). Falling standard of engineering education in Nigeria: Causes and suggestions. International Journal of Advancements in Research and Technology, 2(10), 93 -96.
Al Khajeh, E. (2018). Impact of leadership styles on organizational performance. Journal of Human Resources Management Research, Article ID 687849. https://doi.org/10.5171/2018.687849
Alshuwaikhat, H.M., & Abubakar I. (2008). An integrated approach to achieving campus sustainability: assessment of the current campus environmental management practices. J Clean Prod 16:1777– 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.12.002
Altun, M. (2017). The effects of teacher commitment on student achievement. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 3(3), 51.
Altun, M., & Tahir, R. (2020). Motivational techniques in EFL classrooms in the universities of Kurdistan. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 7(1), 88-94.
Anderson, M., Kleinhenz, E., Mulford, B., & Gurr, D. (2008). Professional learning of school leaders in Australia. In J. Lumby, G. Crow, & P. Pashiardis. (Eds.), International handbook on the preparation and development of school leaders (pp. 435-451). New York, NY: Routledge.
Anya, O.A. (2003). Leadership education and the development in the 21st century. Vanguard newspaper: October 21, 26.
Argyris, C. (1982). Reasoning, learning, and action: Individual and organizational. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Arong, F.E. & Ogbadu, M.A. (2010). Major causes of declining quality of education in Nigeria from an administrative perspective: A case study of Dekina Local Government Area. Canadian Social Science, 6(3), 183 -198.
Ashford, S. J., and D.S. DeRue. (2012). Developing as a leader: The power of mindful engagement. Organizational Dynamics 41, no. 2: 146–54.
Astin, A. W., and H.S. Astin. (2000). Leadership reconsidered: Engaging higher education in social change. Battle Creek, MI: W.E. Kellogg Foundation.
Author. (2005). Embracing and resisting border pedagogies: student views of internationalising the curriculum in higher education. In A. Brew & C. Asmar, Higher Education in a changing world. Research and Development in Higher Education. Vol 28 (pp. 116- 123). Sydney: HERDSA.
Avolio, B. J. (2010). Pursuing authentic leadership development. In Handbook of leadership theory and practice, ed. N. Nohria and R. Khurana, 739–68. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.
Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Walumbwa, F. O., Luthans, F. & May, D. (2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. Leadership Quarterly. 15(6) 801–823.
Bamwesiga, P. M., Andreas, F. & Lars-Owe, D. (2013). A phenomenographic study of students' conceptions of quality in learning in higher education in Rwanda, Studies in Continuing Education, 35:3, 337-350, DOI: 10.1080/0158037X.2013.768229
Barth M, & Rieckmann M. (2012). Academic staff development as a catalyst for curriculum change towards education for sustainable development: an output perspective. J Clean Prod 26:28–36
Barth, R. S. (1990). Improving schools from within: Teachers, parents, and principals can make the difference. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R.E. (2005). Transformational leadership. (8th ed.). USA: Taylor and Francis.
Bokor, J. (2012). University of the future: A thousand year old industry on the cusp of profound change. Ernst & Young. http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/University_of_the _future/%24FILE/University_of_the_future_2012.pdf (25 Mar 2014).
Bolden, R., Petrov, G. & Gosling, J. (2008). Developing collective leadership in higher education. Research and Development Series, Leadership Foundation for Higher Education: UK.
Bolden, R., Petrov, G., Gosling, J. & Bryman, A. (2009). Leadership in higher education: Facts, fictions and futures: Introduction to the special issue. Leadership. 5(3) 291–298.
Bolman, L. G., & Gallos, J. V. (2010). Reframing academic leadership. Jossey-Bass.
Boyatzis, R. E., Passarelli, A. M., Koenig, K., Lowe, M., Matthew, B., Stoller, J. K. & Phillips, M. (2012). Examination of the neural substrates activated in memories of experiences with resonant and dissonant leaders. Leadership Quarterly. 23(2) 259–272.
Boyd, R.D. (1989). Facilitating personal transformations in small groups: Part I. Small Group Behaviour, 20(4), 459-474.
Bradley, Margaret & Miccoli, Laura & Escrig, Miguel & Lang, Peter. (2008). The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology. 45. 602-7. 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00654.x.
British Council (2016). Universities, employability and inclusive development: Repositioning higher education in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa. British Council.
British Council. (2014). Can Higher Education solve Africa’s job crisis? Understanding graduate employability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Retrieved from: https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/graduate_employability_in_ssa_final -web.pdf
Brookfield, S. D. (2012). Teaching for critical thinking: Tools and techniques to help students question their assumptions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Browne-Ferrigno, T. (2007). Developing school leaders: Practitioner growth during an advanced leadership development program for principals and administrator-trained teachers. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 2(3). Retrieved from http://jrl.sagepub.com/content/2/3/1.1.extract
Bryman, A. (2007). Effective leadership in higher education: A literature review. Studies in Higher Education. 32(6) 693–710.
Bryman, A. (2009). Effective leadership in Higher Education: Final Report. Leadership Foundation for Higher Education: UK.
Budur, T. (2018). The impact of Al-Ghazali’s virtues on organizational commitment and performance: A case Study at private education institutions in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Icabep, Erbil-Iraq, 2, p21
Budur, T. (2020). Impact of transformational leadership on customer satisfaction: Mediating effects of employee performance and organizational citizenship behaviors. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). International Burch University.
Budur, T., & Demir, A. (2019). Leadership perceptions based on gender, experience, and education. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 6(1), 142–154.
Budur, T., & Poturak, M. (2021a). Transformational leadership and its impact on customer satisfaction. Measuring mediating effects of organisational citizenship behaviours. Middle East Journal of Management, 8(1), 67-91.
Budur, T., & Poturak, M. (2021b). Employee Performance and Customer Loyalty: Mediation effect of Customer Satisfaction. Middle East Journal of Management.
Budur, T., Demir, A., & Cura, F. (2021). University readiness to online education during Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Studies, 8(1), 180-200.
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper and Row.
Byrne-Jiménez, M., & Orr, M. T. (2007). Developing effective principals through collaborative inquiry. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Caza, A., & Rosch, D. M. (2014). An exploratory examination of students’ pre-existing beliefs about leadership. Studies in Higher Education, 39(9), 1586-1598. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2013.801434
Celik, B., & Yildiz, Y. (2017). Commitment to the teaching profession. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 4(2), 93-97.
Chindia, E. W. & Kibera, F. N. (2015). Leadership and accuracy of performance forecasting in operations management. Prime Journal of Business Administration and Management, 5(4), 1815-1821.
Chinelo, O.D. (2011). Falling standard in Nigeria education: Traceable to proper skills acquisition in schools. Journal of Education Research, 2(1), 803 -808.
Clark, C.M. & Dirkx, J.M. (2000). Ch. 7 Moving beyond a unitary self: a reflective dialogue. In A. L. Wilson & E. R. Hayes (Eds.). Handbook of adult and continuing education, (new edition) (pp. 101-116). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Clark, C., Olender, L., Kenski, D., & Cardoni, C. (2013). Exploring and Addressing Faculty-to-Faculty Incivility: A National Perspective and Literature Review. Journal of Nursing Education. 52(4) 1-8.
Commission for University Education. (2017). Summary Report of the Quality Audit Inspection of Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya, 16th February 2017. Commission for University Education. Gigiri, Kenya
Crow, G. M., & Glascock, C. (1995). Socialization to a new conception of the principalship. Journal of Educational Administration, 33(1), 22-43.
Cuddy, A., Kohut, M. & Neffinger, J. (2013). Connect, then lead. Harvard Business Review, July-August, 55–61.
Danzig, A. (2009). Learner-centered leadership: A new perspective for the preparation and professional development of school leaders. In M. S. Khine & I. S. Salah (Eds.), Transformative leadership and educational excellence: Learning organizations in the information age. (pp. 285-308). Boston, MA: Sense Publishers.
Darling-Hammond, L., & Wei, R. C., & Johnson, C. M. (2009). Teacher preparation and teacher learning: A changing policy landscape. In G. Sykes, B. L. Schneider, and D. N. Plank (Eds.), Handbook of education policy research (pp. 613–631). New York: Routledge and Washington DC: American Educational Research Association.
Dasborough, M. T. (2006). Cognitive asymmetry in employee emotional reactions to leadership behaviors. Leadership Quarterly. 79(2) 163–178.
Demir, A., & Budur, T. (2019). Roles of leadership styles in corporate social responsibility to non-governmental organizations (NGOs). International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 5(4), 174-183.
Demir, A., Budur, T., & Heshmati, A. (2020). Antecedents of trust, corporate image, and switching costs: a case in telecommunication services in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 19(1), 53-74.
DeRue, D. S., S.B. Sitkin, and J.M. Podolny. (2011). Teaching leadership—issues and insights. Academy of Management Learning & Education 10, 369–72.
Dimmock, C. (2000). The learning focused school. London: Falmer Press.
Donaldson, G. A. (2008). How leaders learn: Cultivating capacities for school improvement. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Drago-Severson, E. (2009). Leading adult learning: Supporting adult development in our schools. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Drago-Severson, E. (2012). Helping educators grow: Strategies and practices for leadership development. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Education Press.
Drago-Severson, E. 2004b. Helping teachers learn: Principal leadership for adult growth and development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Durmaz, O. (2017). Investigation of the motivation parameters in health care establishments. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 3(4), 44-53.
Duze, C.O. (2004). An evaluation of adequacy of science knowledge acquired by pupils in public and private schools In Delta State. Journal of Educational Research, 30(1), 25 -30.
Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S., & Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model. Leadership Quarterly. 18(3) 207–216.
Erichsen, E.A. (2011). Learning for Change: Transforming international experience as identity work. Journal of Transformative Education, 9(2) 109-133.
Evans, R. (1996). The human side of change: Reform, resistance, and the real-life problems of innovation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Fagbamiye, E.O. (2004). Strategies for addressing the challenges of cross-border provision of higher education, with or without WTO/GATS Regime. A lead paper delivered at the African University Day Celebration at the University of Lagos on November 12, 2004.
Frost, P. J. (2004). Handling toxic emotions: New challenges for leaders and their organization. Organizational Dynamics. 33, 111–127.
Fullan, M. (2005). Leadership and sustainability: Systems thinkers in action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Gardner, H. (2006). Changing minds: The art and science of changing our own and other people’s minds. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Gill, S. (2007). Overseas students’ intercultural adaptation as intercultural learning: a transformative framework. Compare, 37, 167–183.
Giroux, H. (1992). Border crossings: cultural workers and the politics of education. New York: Routledge
Glickman, C. D. (2002). Leadership for learning: How to help teachers succeed. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Griffin, P., Francis M., & Robinson, P. (2017). Collaborative teaching teams. In P. Griffin (Ed.). Assessment for teaching. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
Guskey, T. R. (1999). New perspectives on evaluating professional development. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Harden, N. (2012). The End of the University as We Know It. The American Interest LLC 2005-2021. Volume 08, Number 3.
Harris, A. (2008). Leading sustainable schools. London: Specialist Schools and Academic Trust.
Hofmeyer, A., Sheingold,B. H., Klopper, H. C. & Warland, J. (2015). Leadership in learning and teaching in higher education: perspectives of academics in non-formal leadership roles. Contemporary Issues In Education Research. Volume 8, Number 3
Howe, H., II. (1993). Thinking about our kids: An agenda for American education. New York, NY: Free Press.
Idogho, P. O. (2011). Higher education in Nigeria and the challenges ahead. European Journal of Educational Studies, 3(2), 269 -276.
Ijaz, M., Shahinshah, B. K., Khan, R., & Shaheen, A.T. (2012). Role of academic leadership in change management for quality in higher education in Pakistan. Journal of Education and Practice, 3(16),194 - 198.
Jegede, O. (2000). Evolving a national policy on distance education: An agenda for implementation. Education Today, 8 (3), 14-29.
Johnson, C. (2002). Evaluating the impact of emotional intelligence on leadership performance. International Leadership Association Conference, Seattle, WA.
Johnson, S. M. (1990). Teachers at work: Achieving success in our schools. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Johnson, S. M. (1996). Leading to change: The challenge of the new superintendency. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Johnson, S. M., Birkeland, S., Kardos, S. M., Kauffman, D., Liu, E., & Peske, H. G. (2004). Finders and keepers: Helping new teachers survive and thrive in our schools. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Jones, S. Lefoe, G. Harvey, M. & Ryland, K. (2012). Distributed leadership: A collaborative framework for academics, executives and professionals in higher education. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management. 34(1) 67–78.
Joyce, B., & Showers, B. (2002). Student achievement through staff development. 3rd ed. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Juntrasook A. (2014). ‘You do not have to be the boss to be a leader’: Contested meanings of leadership in higher education. Higher Education Research & Development. 33(1) 19-31.
Juntrasook, A., Nairn, K., Bond, C. & Spronken-Smith, R. (2013). Unpacking the narrative of non-positional leadership in academia: Hero and/or victim? Higher Education Research & Development. 32(2) 201–213.
Kegan, R. (2000). What “form” transforms? A constructive-developmental approach to transformative learning. In J. Mezirow and Associates (Eds.), Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress. (pp. 35-70). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Kegan, R., & Lahey, L. L. (2009). Immunity to change. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). (2016). Economic Survey. Kenya: KNBS, Nairobi.
Kezar, A. J., R. Carducci, & M. Contreras-McGavin. (2006). Rethinking the “L” word in higher education: The revolution in research in higher education. Vol. 31. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Komives, S. R., & W. Wagner. (2009). Leadership for a better world: Understanding the social change model of leadership development. 1st ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kouzes, J. M., & B.Z. Posner. (2008). The student leadership challenge: Five practices for exemplary leaders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kouzes, J., & Posner, B. (2019). Leadership in higher education: practices that make a difference.
Kramer, R. M. (2006). The great intimidators. Harvard Business Review, 84(2), 88-96.
Kreber, C. (2004). An analysis of two models of reflection and their implications for educational development. International Journal for Academic Development, 9, 29-49.
Kuh, G. D., Kinzie, J., Schuh, J. H., & Whitt, E. J. (2005). Never let it rest lessons about student success from high-performing colleges and universities. Change. The Magazine of Higher Learning, 37(4), 44-51. https://doi.org/10.3200/CHNG.37.4.44-51
Leithwood, K., & Riehl, C. (2003). What we know about successful school leadership.
Lord, R. G., & R.J. Hall. 2005. Identity, deep structure and the development of leadership skill. The Leadership Quarterly 16, no. 4: 591–615. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.06.003
Love, D., Trammell, A., & Cartner, J. (2010). Transformational leadership, campus climate and it's impact on student retention. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications & Conflict, 14(2), 75-81
Marope, M., Griffin, P., & Gallagher, C. (2017). Future competences and the future of curriculum: A global paradigm shift. Geneva: UNESCO International Bureau of Education.
Marshall, S., Orrell, J., Cameron, A., Bosanquet, A., & Thomas, S. (2011). Leading and managing learning and teaching in higher education. Higher Education Research & Development. 30(2) 87–103.
Mart, C. T. (2013). A passionate teacher: Teacher commitment and dedication to student learning. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 2(1), 437-442.
McCaffery, P. (2004). The higher education manager’s handbook: Effective leadership management in universities and colleges. New York: Routledge Falmer.
McKee, A. & Massimilian, D. (2006). Resonant leadership: A new kind of leadership for the digital age. Journal of Business Strategy. 27, 45–49.
Mezirow, J. (1991a). Transformative dimensions in adult learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass.
Middlehurst, R. (2008). Not enough science or not enough learning? Exploring the gaps between leadership theory and practice. Higher Education Quarterly. 62, 322–339.
Mizell, H. (2007). Students learn when adults learn. The Learning System, Vol. 3, No. 3, p. 2. Oxford, OH: The National Staff Development Council.
Mohammed, S. S., Suleyman, C., & Taylan, B. (2020). Burnout determinants and consequences among university lecturers. Amazonia Investiga, 9(27), 13-24.
Moller, G., & Pankake, A. (2006). Lead with me: A principal’s guide to teacher leadership. Larchmont, NY: Eye On Education.
Montgomery, C. (2014). Transnational and transcultural positionality in globalized higher education. Journal of Education for Teaching 40 (3), 198- 203.
Mukhwana, E., Oure, S., Kande, A., Njue, R., Too, J., Njeru, M. and Some, D. (2016). State of University Education in Kenya. Commission for University Education Nairobi, Kenya.
Murnane, R., & Willett, J. (2010). Methods matter: Improving causal inference in educational and social science research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Muteswa, R. (2016). Qualities of a good leader and the benefits of good leadership to an organization: A conceptual study. European Journal of Business and Management, 8(24), 135-140.
Nesoba, D. (2012). Youth Unemployment Crisis Continues, Millions of College Grads Flood Unemployment Lines. Global Press Journal.
Neuman, T. P. (1996). Critically reflective learning in a leadership development context. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Wisconsin. Madison, WI.
Northouse, P. G. (2009). Introduction to leadership concepts and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Norton, L. S., Morton, B., & Shannon, L. (2013). The impact of UK university teaching programs on lecturer’s assessment practice: A case for pedagogical action research. In E. Simon & G. Pleschova (Eds.), Teacher development in higher education: Existing programs, program impact and future trends (pp.191–212). Routledge: London.
Obasi, E. (2000). The impact of economic recession on universal primary education in Nigeria. International Journal of Educational Development, 20(3), 189 – 207.
Odhiambo, G. (2011). Higher education quality in Kenya: a critical reflection of key challenges. Quality in Higher Education, 17(3): 299-315. doi: 10.1080/13538322.2011.614472
Odhiambo, G. (2014). Quality assurance for public higher education: context, strategies and challenges in Kenya. Higher Education Research & Development, 33(5): 978- 991. doi: 10.1080/07294360.2014.890578
Odhiambo, G. (2018). The role of Kenyan universities in national development. FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.32865/fire20184324
Odia, L.O. & Omofonmwan, S. I. (2007). Educational system in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. Journal of Social Science, 14(1), 81-86.
Ogum, D.N. (2007). On the declining literacy among trainee teachers in Nigeria. African Journal of Educational Development Studies, 4(1), 143-149.
Oketch, M., McCowan, T., & Schendel, R. (2014). The impact of tertiary education on development: A rigorous literature review. London: Department for International Development.
Omolo, J. (2012). Youth Employment in Kenya: Analysis of Labour Market and Policy Interventions. FES Kenya Occasional paper, no1. Nairobi: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
Parrish, D. (2013). The relevance of emotional intelligence for leadership in a higher education context. Studies in Higher Education. doi: 10.1080/03075079.2013.842225
Pavlova, M, & Maclean R. (2013). Vocationalisation of secondary and tertiary education: challenges and possible future directions. In: Maclean R., Jagannathan S, & Sarvi, J. (eds) Skills development for inclusive and sustainable growth in developing Asia- Pacific. In: Technical and vocational education and training: issues, concerns, and prospects, vol 19. Springer, Dordrecht
Petrov, G. (2006). The leadership foundation research on collective leadership in higher education. Leadership Matters 7(11):11.
Poturak, M., Mekić, E., Hadžiahmetović, N., & Budur, T. (2020). Effectiveness of transformational leadership among different cultures. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 7(3), 119–129.
Ramsden, P. (1998). Learning to lead in higher education. London, England: Routledge.
Rashid, C. A., Salih, H. A., & Budur, T. (2020). The role of online teaching tools on the perception of the students during the lockdown of Covid-19. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 7(3), 178–190.
Rizzo, S., Tribble, D. J. & Nadelson, L. S. (2021). Who Are Their Leaders? College Students’ Perceptions of and Engagement with Campus Leaders and Administrators. Higher Education Studies; Vol. 11, No. 3. ISSN 1925-4741
Rosenthal, S. A., T. L. Pittinsky, D. M. Purvin, & R.M. Montoya. (2007). National Leadership Index 2007: A National Study of Confidence in Leadership. Center for Public Leadership, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Rowley D. J., & Sherman, H. (2003). The special challenges of academic leadership. Manage Decis 41(10):1058–1063.
Sahin, O. (2014). An investigation of student satisfaction factors. Journal of Research in Business and Management, 2(6), 8-1.
Sarason, S. B. (1995). Revisiting the culture of schools and the problem of change. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Sathye, M. (2004). Leadership in Higher Education: A Qualitative Study. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 5.
Schertzer, J. E., and J. H. Schuh. (2004). College student perceptions of leadership: empowering and constraining beliefs. NASPA Journal 42, no. 1: 111–31.
Schwab, N. (2007). A national crisis of confidence. US News & World Report 143, no. 18: 46.
Scott, G. Coates, H. & Anderson, M. (2008). Learning leaders in times of change: Academic leadership capabilities for Australian higher education. Retrieved from http://www.acer.edu.au/documents/UWSACER_CarrickLeadershipReport.pdf
Scott, G., Coates, H. & Anderson, M. (2010). Australian higher education leaders in times of change: The role of Pro Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Vice-Chancellor. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management. 32(4) 401–418.
Sergiovanni, T. J. (1995). The principalship: A reflective practice perspective. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Serin, H. (2020). The impact of technology-aided instruction on motivation of geometry learners. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 7(3), 63-72.
Shahmandi, E., Silong, A., Ismail, I., Abu Samah, B & Othman, J. (2011). Competencies, role and effective academic leadership in world class university. International Journal of Business Administration, 2(1), 44 -53.
Stoll, L., & Seashore-Lewis, K. (2007). Professional learning communities: Divergence, depth, and dilemmas. Berkshire, UK: Open University Press.
Taylor, E. W. (1998). Transformative learning: A critical review (Information Series No. 374). Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, & Vocational Education.
The Conversation. (2018). What Kenya Needs to Do to Stop the University Strike Cycle. The Conversation, April 16. https://theconversation.com/what-kenya-needs-to-do-to-stop- theuniversity-strike-cycle-94990
The World Bank. (2017). Improving Higher Education Performance in Kenya: A Policy Report. Kenya Higher Education Policy Note. Washington DC 20433. Report No: AUS0001105
Timperley, H. (2010). Using evidence in the classroom for professional learning. Paper presented at the Ontario Education Research Symposium, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Toker, A. (2022). Importance of Leadership in the Higher Education. International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Studies, 9(2), 230-236.
Torlak, N. G., Demir, A., & Budur, T. (2021a). Decision-making, leadership and performance links in private education institutes. Rajagiri Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAMJ-10-2020-0061.
Torlak, N. G., Kuzey, C., Dinc, MS., & Budur, T. (2021b). Links connecting nurses’ planned behavior, burnout, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2020.1862675
Vari, A. (2005). An exploration of factors associated with college students' attitudes and beliefs about leadership. Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
Wagner, T., Kegan, R., Lahey, L., Lemons, R. W., Garnier, J., Helsing, D., & Rasmussen, H. T. (2006). Change leadership: A practical guide to transforming our schools. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Wanzala O. (2015). “World Bank raises concern on quality of Kenya's graduates”. Daily Nation, October 1.
Wanzala, O. (2017, April 6). Varsities and employers team up to resolve skills mismatch. Daily Nation.
West, J. (2000). Higher education and employment: opportunities and limitations in the formation of skills in a mass higher education system. Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 52(4), 573-588.
Yildiz, Y. (2017). Components of commitment to the teaching profession. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 4(2), 115.
Yildiz, Y., & Budur, T. (2019). Introducing environmental awareness to college students with curricular and extracurricular activities. International journal of Academic Research in business and Social Sciences, 9(3)667-675.
Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Zaim, H., Demir, A., & Budur, T. (2020). Ethical leadership, effectiveness, and team performance: An Islamic perspective. Middle East Journal of Management, 8(1), 42-66
Zekan, S. B., Peronja, I., & Russo, A. (2012). Linking theory with practice: Students perceptions of leaders and leadership characteristics. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 41, 237-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.027
Zimmerman-Oster, K., & J.C. Burkhardt. (1999). Leadership in the making: Impact and insights from leadership development programs in U.S. colleges and universities. Battle Creek, MI: Kellogg Foundation.
